Disminución de la tuberculosis osteoarticular en España entre 1997 y 2018 / Decrease in osteoarticular tuberculosis in Spain between 1997 and 2018

Antecedentes y objetivo: La tuberculosis osteoarticular representa el 2-5% de las presentaciones de la tuberculosis. El objetivo fue calcular la incidencia y describir las características epidemiológicas de los pacientes con tuberculosis osteoarticular que recibieron atención hospitalaria en España entre 1997-2018. Método: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de los pacientes atendidos con tuberculosis osteoarticular en los hospitales españoles entre los años 1997 y 2018, a través del Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos al alta hospitalaria, usando los códigos del CIE-9-MC y CIE-10. Resultados principales: Se detectaron 5710 pacientes con tuberculosis osteoarticular durante los 22 años. La incidencia anual media del periodo se situó en 6 casos por millón de habitantes (IC95% 5,58-6,30). Existió una diferencia significativa entre la incidencia media anual por millón de habitantes del primer periodo (1997-2007) de 6,95 y la del segundo (2008-2018) de 5,35 (p<0,001). Conclusión: La incidencia de la tuberculosis osteoarticular en España es baja, se ha reducido a lo largo de 22 años y predomina en hombres.(AU)

Background and objective: Osteoarticular tuberculosis represents 2-5% of the manifestations of tuberculosis. The objective was to calculate the incidence and describe the epidemiological characteristics of patients with osteoarticular tuberculosis who received hospital care in Spain between 1997-2018. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted of patients treated with osteoarticular tuberculosis in Spanish hospitals between 1997 and 2018, using the data from the Minimum Basic Data Set at hospital discharge, using the ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 codes. Results: 5710 patients with osteoarticular tuberculosis were detected over the 22 years in Spain. The mean annual incidence for the period was 6 cases per million inhabitants (95% CI 5.58-6.30). There was a significant difference between the mean annual incidence per million inhabitants of the first period (1997-2007) of 6.95 and that of the second (2008-2018) of 5.35 (p <.001). Conclusions: The incidence of osteoarticular tuberculosis in Spain is low, has reduced over 22 years and predominates in men.(AU)

Decrease in osteoarticular tuberculosis in Spain between 1997 and 2018.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: osteoarticular tuberculosis represents 2%-5% of the manifestations of tuberculosis. The objective was to calculate the incidence and describe the epidemiological characteristics of patients with osteoarticular tuberculosis who received hospital care in Spain between 1997-2018. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted of patients treated with osteoarticular tuberculosis in Spanish hospitals between 1997 and 2018, using the data from the Minimum Basic Data Set at hospital discharge, using the ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 codes. RESULTS: 5710 patients with osteoarticular tuberculosis were detected over the 22 years in Spain. The mean annual incidence for the period was 6 cases per million inhabitants (95% CI 5.58-6.30). There was a significant difference between the mean annual incidence per million inhabitants of the first period (1997-2007) of 6.95 and that of the second (2008-2018) of 5.35 (p<.001). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of osteoarticular tuberculosis in Spain is low, has reduced over 22 years and predominates in men.

Musculoskeletal tuberculosis revisited: bone and joint tuberculosis in Austria.

BACKGROUND: To prevent further spread of the disease and secondary deformity, musculoskeletal tuberculosis (TB) remains a challenge in terms of early diagnosis and treatment. This study gives an overview on TB trends in Austria (pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB) (A) and analyses a retrospective series of musculoskeletal TB cases diagnosed and treated at an Austrian tertiary centre (B). METHODS: (A) We analysed data obtained from the Austrian national TB registry to provide information on TB patients´ demographics and manifestation sites between 1995 and 2019. (B) Furthermore, we performed an observational study of all patients with a confirmed diagnosis of musculoskeletal TB who were admitted to the Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz (2005-2019). Demographic, diagnostic, clinical and follow-up data were retrieved from the medical records. RESULTS: (A) From 1995 to 2019, a significant linear reduction in overall Austrian tuberculosis incidence rates occurred (p < 0.001). In the period investigated, Austria recorded a total of 307 patients with musculoskeletal TB. (B) Our retrospective case-series included 17 individuals (9 males, 8 females; average follow-up 48.4 months; range 0-116). There was a biphasic age distribution with a peak in elderly native Austrians (median 69, range 63-92), and a second peak in younger patients with a migration background (median 29, range 18-39). Sites of manifestation were the spine (n = 10), peripheral joints (n = 5), and the soft tissues (n = 2). Diagnosis was based on histology (n = 13), PCR (n = 14), and culture (n = 12). Eleven patients underwent surgery (64.7%). Secondary deformities were frequent (n = 9), and more often observed in patients with spinal TB (n = 6). CONCLUSION: Musculoskeletal TB should be considered if untypical joint infections or nonspecific bone lesions occur in younger patients with a migration background or in patients with specific risk factors.

Bone and joint tuberculosis in paediatrics: a 13-year retrospective study.

Introduction. Bone and joint tuberculosis (BJTB) is rare in developed countries, particularly in the paediatric population.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. The clinical features and sequelae of paediatric BJTB in Europe are not well characterized and should be assessed to achieve a better approach.Aim. To assess the management and outcomes of paediatric BJTB.Methodology. Longitudinal observational study of all paediatric patients (0-17 years old) diagnosed with BJTB between 2008 to 2020 in a tertiary-care hospital.Results. We identified 18 patients with BJTB, with a median age of 10 years (IQR 6-14.8), 66.7 % male. Most (72 %) were diagnosed after 2015 and were foreign-born (88.9 %), mainly from Portuguese-speaking African countries, and none had HIV. The most common symptoms were pain (77.8 %), fever (50 %) and bone deformity (44.4 %). Spinal TB (STB) affected 13 (72.2 %) and extra-spinal TB (ESTB) 9 (50 %) patients, and 4 (27.7 %) had both conditions. Diagnostic positive procedures included positive nucleic acid amplification technique (NAAT) (44.4 %), Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolation (44.4 %) and compatible histology (33.3 %). All completed antituberculous drugs for a median of 12 months (IQR 12-13) and nine (50 %) had surgery. Overall, acute complications occurred in 16 (88.9 %) patients - 11/13 (84.6 %) with STB and 5/5 (100 %) with ESTB - and included abscesses, spinal compression, spine deformity and pathological fractures. Sequelae were still present at the 12-month follow-up in seven cases (46.7 %), and were more common in foreign-born patients sent to Portugal to receive medical treatment (66.7 vs 20 %).Conclusions. Paediatric BJTB is difficult to diagnose and has high morbidity, requiring long-term follow-up. Over the last decade, foreign-born TB seems to be increasing, with still longer treatment courses and more acute complications and sequelae.

Tuberculosis osteoarticular en un paciente pediátrico / Osteoarticular tuberculosis in a pediatric patient

Introducción: La tuberculosis osteoarticular es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica, muy rara con un cuadro clínico atípico y se presenta con una incidencia de 1-2 por ciento del total de los casos de tuberculosis. Objetivo: Exponer una forma de presentación poco frecuente de tuberculosis en Honduras Presentación del caso: Se trata de una niña de dos años con diagnóstico inicial de sinovitis en rodilla derecha de cinco meses de evolución y tratada con antibiótico y analgésico. Sin mejoría se presenta a emergencia con cambios inflamatorios. Se realiza rayos x de rodilla que muestran lesiones osteolíticas a nivel de rótula y cóndilo del fémur derecho. Baciloscopia de esputo y prueba de tuberculina negativas. Familiar de tercer grado positivo para tuberculosis hacía un año y medio. Por biopsia de tejido blando y óseo de rodilla derecha se establece el diagnóstico de artritis por Mycobacterium tuberculosis por estudio inmuno-histoquimico con tinción Ziehl Nielsen. Conclusiones: Es el primer informe de caso de tuberculosis osteoarticular en un paciente pediátrico descrito en Honduras. Por la larga evolución de la enfermedad, lo atípico de su clínica y su baja incidencia es difícil establecer el diagnóstico final. Fue imprescindible el estudio anatomopatológico por biopsia que permitiera esclarecer a los clínicos el diagnóstico e iniciar el tratamiento oportuno(AU)

Introduction: Osteoarticular tuberculosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, very rare, and with an atypical clinical picture and occurs with an incidence of 1-2 percent of all TB cases. Objective: Show a rare form of TB´s presentation in Honduras Case presentation: Two-year-old girl with an initial diagnosis of right knee synovitis of five months of evolution and treated with antibiotics and analgesics. Without improvement, she attends to emergencies service with inflammatory changes. Knee x-rays show osteolytic lesions at the kneecap level and the condyle of the right femur. Sputum bacilloscopy and negative tuberculin test were performed. She had a third-grade relative positive to tuberculosis a year and a half ago. A right knee soft tissue and bone biopsies confirm the diagnosis of arthritis by Mycobacterium tuberculosis by immuno-histochemical study with Ziehl Nielsen staining. Conclusions: It is the first osteoarticular TB case report in a pediatric patient described in Honduras. Because of the long evolution of the disease, the atypicalness of its clinic features and its low incidence, it is difficult to establish the final diagnosis. Anatomopathological study by biopsy was essential to clarify the diagnosis to clinicians and initiate timely treatment(AU)

Retrospective Study of Bone-TB in Oman: 2002-2019.

OBJECTIVE: Little information is available about the etiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, and epidemiologic features of Bone Tuberculosis (Bone-TB). In this work, we present the epidemiological data about the Bone-TB in the Sultanate of Oman. METHODS: Retrospectively, we identified and assessed those patients who were diagnosed with Bone-TB between January 2002 and December 2019 at Khoula Hospital. The following data were collected: demographics, clinical presentation, anatomical location, diagnosis, and treatment of the Bone-TB. RESULTS: During the study period, 115 cases of Bone-TB were diagnosed. Males were affected more than females (57.4% and 42.6%, respectively). About 30% of Bone-TB cases were primary diagnosed in other organs particularly the lungs and then after disseminated to the bone. However, the Bone-TB was detected in hip, leg, hand, shoulder, and skull bones, the most detected Bone-TB was in spine (66% of cases). After vaccination the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) strains were identified in the bones of eight babies. Tubercle bacilli were detected by Acid-Fast Stain (AFS) in 59% of cases, and the rest of cases were confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. There are two used treatment regimens, with 12.4% relapse. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) disturbances were the most related side effects. The resistance has been detected to pyrazinamide in six cases, rifampicin in three cases, and isoniazid, streptomycin and kanamycin were detected in one case. CONCLUSION: The most predominant Bone-TB cases were spine-TB that were mainly disseminated from the lungs. AFS failed to detect tubercle bacilli in 40% of cases. There is no statistical significance in relapse between the used two regimens. The death was predominant among skull-TB cases.

Oldest evidence of tuberculosis in Argentina: A multidisciplinary investigation in an adult male skeleton from Saujil, Tinogasta, Catamarca (905-1030 CE).

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) has affected South American populations since ca. 200 years BCE. In Argentina, possible cases date from ca. 1000-1400 Common Era (CE). This paper describes the oldest (905-1030 CE) confirmed case of tuberculosis (TB) in a young adult male from Lomitas de Saujil (Tinogasta, Catamarca, Argentina). Osteolytic lesions on the bodies of the lower spine were macroscopically and radiographically identified. Bilateral new bone formation was seen on the visceral vertebral third of several ribs and in long bones, compatible with hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. Representative rib and hand bones gave profiles for MTC-specific C27-C32 mycocerosic acid lipid biomarkers; these were strongest in one heavily-lesioned lower rib, which also had MTC-diagnostic C76-C89 mycolic acids and positive amplification of MTC-typical IS6110 aDNA fragments. During the first millennium CE, the intense social interaction, the spatial circumscription of villages among the pre-Hispanic societies in the mesothermal valleys of Catamarca and the fluid contacts with the Eastern lowlands, valleys and puna, were factors likely to favor disease transmission. It is proposed that TB arrived from northern Chile and dispersed towards the northeast into the Yocavil valley, where several cases of TB infection were macroscopically identified for a later chronology.

Epidemiology of skeletal tuberculosis in Beijing, China: a 10-year retrospective analysis of data.

Skeletal tuberculosis (STB) is one of the most common forms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis; however, limited epidemiological data are available on this public health concern worldwide, especially in developing countries. The aims of this study were to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of STB cases and to identify risk factors associated with drug resistance among STB cases in China. We included STB inpatients at Beijing Chest Hospital from January 2009 through December 2018. The multiple demographic and clinical variables of patients were collected from the hospital's electronic patient record. In total, 3086 STB patients were hospitalized in Beijing Chest Hospital. Of these cases, 1988 (64.4%) were spinal TB cases, 991 (32.1%) were joint TB cases, and 107 (3.5%) were concurrent spinal-joint TB cases. The most frequent localization of the infections in joints included the knee (21.5%), hip (17.9%), and elbow (10.3%). For spinal TB, lumbar, thoracic, and cervical spinal TB were present in 51.7%, 40.6%, and 4.4% of cases, respectively. Positive cultures were reported in only 16.0% of STB cases. When patients aged ≥ 60 years old were used as the control group, youths (< 18 years old) were less likely to have spinal TB (aOR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.21-0.41). The prevalence of MDR-TB was 12.5% among the STB cases, and more female cases were afflicted with drug-resistant STB than with drug-susceptible STB (aOR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.27-0.94). In addition, patients aged < 18 years had significantly higher odds of having drug-resistant STB compared with those aged ≥ 60 years (aOR, 20.778; 95% CI, 4.49-96.149). In conclusion, our data demonstrate that spinal TB is the most frequent form of STB in China. The youths are less likely to have spinal TB compared with elderly patients, while the patients aged < 18 years have significantly higher odds of having drug-resistant STB than elderly patients.

Primary Epiphyseal Osteomyelitis (PEO) in 18 Children: A Rare Entity With Atypical Features.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to discuss the natural history and management of primary epiphyseal osteomyelitis (PEO), to differentiate clinico-radiologic features of PEO caused by Mycobacterium and other organisms, and to discuss their intermediate-term outcomes. METHODS: Between 2006 and 2017, 18 patients of PEO were managed at our center. Blood investigations, x-rays, and magnetic resonance imaging of affected part were carried out. Surgical drainage of lesions was done to retrieve infective fluid and tissue for examination. Antibiotics were administered for 1 year in Mycobacterial PEO and for 6 weeks in bacterial PEO. Average follow-up of patients was 5.5 years (range, 2 to 11 y). RESULTS: Boys were more commonly affected (11/18). Distal femur was the most common site involved (12/18). Eleven patients had Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative organism, 6 were positive for Staphylococcus aureus, and 1 for Brucella. Swelling and limp were predominant in patients with Tubercular PEO, whereas pain was more common in bacterial PEO. Nine of 11 patients with Tubercular PEO had penetration into the joint, whereas none in bacterial PEO. All patients recovered completely without residual movement restriction or growth alteration. On follow-up magnetic resonance imaging, 4 patients with Tubercular PEO had thinning of articular cartilage. CONCLUSION: High index of suspicion is required for early diagnosis of PEO. It is important to differentiate Tubercular from other bacterial PEO as it has more subtle symptoms and poor prognosis if left untreated. Aggressive surgical treatment followed by antibiotic therapy of appropriate duration is required to avoid complications related to joint destruction. To our knowledge, this is the largest reported series with longest follow-up.

Profile of osteoarticular tuberculosis in children.

OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical profile of osteoarticular tuberculosis (TB) in children. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis from 2007 to 2013. All patients diagnosed with bone TB, spinal TB or TB abscesses were included. RESULTS: Out of 1318 children with TB, 39 (2.96%) had osteoarticular TB, of which 16 (42%) had osteomyelitis, 8 (20.5%) had spinal involvement, 7 (17.9%) had TB synovitis, 2 (5.1%) had psoas abscess and 6 (15.4%) had abscesses. The mean age of presentation was 7.1 ± 3.5 years (range 2-14 years). Of the 33 cases in which a culture was done, 25 (64%) showed a positive culture. Drug sensitivity tests were done in 21 patients of which 10 (47.6%) tested were drug resistant, of which 4 (36.4%) were multidrug resistant (MDR), 2 (18.2%) were extensively drug resistant (XDR), 3 were pre-XDR (27.3%) and 1 was polyresistant (9.1%). Nine (23.1%) patients had TB in the past with a treatment duration of 8.3 ± 5.3 months. Contact with a TB patient had occurred in 10 (25.6%) cases. Associated pulmonary TB were seen in 6 (15.39%) and TB meningitis were seen in 1 (2.6%) patients. Surgical intervention was needed in 11 (28.2%) patients of which 5 (45.5%) underwent curettage, drainage was done in 1 (9.1%), arthrotomy in 4 (36.4%) and spinal surgery in 1 (9.1%) patient. CONCLUSION: Drug resistant osteoarticular TB is an emerging problem in children.

Cutaneous tuberculosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: description of a series of 75 cases.

BACKGROUND: Brazil is one of the highest tuberculosis (TB) burden countries of the world. Cutaneous tuberculosis (CTB) is a rare form of extrapulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis. This study aimed to describe the clinico-evolutive, laboratory and therapeutic aspects of CTB cases among patients from a cohort with TB in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: Cases of diagnosed CTB with microbiologic confirmation or clinical response to anti-tuberculous treatment associated with positive smear or histopathological findings between the years 2000 and 2016 were selected. RESULTS: Seventy-five patients with CTB were included, most were women (58.7%) with a median age of 42 years. CTB diagnosis was based on culture in only 42.7% of the cases. Scrofuloderma represented 50.7% of the cases, followed by erythema induratum of Bazin (EIB) (18.7%), tuberculous gumma (13.3%), lupus vulgaris (8%), TB verrucosa cutis (4%), orificial TB (2.7%) and associated forms (2.7%). Other TB presentations were pulmonary (22.7%), mammary (6.6%) and osteoarticular (4%). All patients who completed the treatment (97.3%) had their lesions healed. Only two patients (2.6%) needed to change the therapy due to adverse reactions. Fifty percent of EIB patients presented recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: These data highlight the diversity of CTB presentations and the importance of the skin to assist in early identification and treatment of TB. More studies are necessary to improve the knowledge on EIB for a better approach towards these patients, mainly in cases of recurrence.

Comparing tuberculosis in children aged under 5 versus 5 to 14 years old in a rural hospital in southern Ethiopia: an 18-year retrospective cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: There are few data available about childhood tuberculosis (TB) in rural hospitals in low-income countries. We assessed differences in epidemiological characteristics and treatment outcomes in children with TB aged 0-4 versus 5-14 years in rural Ethiopia. METHODS: For this retrospective cross-sectional study, we analyzed childhood TB registers from a rural Ethiopian hospital. We collected data on the number of cases, type of TB, and treatment outcomes using standard definitions. By means of binary and logistic regression analyses, data were compared from 1998 to 2015 in children aged under 5 versus those aged 5-14 years. RESULTS: We included 1282 TB patients: 583 (45.5%) were under 5 years old, and 699 (54.5%) were aged 5-14 years. More than half (67.2%, n = 862) had pulmonary TB (PTB), which was more common in younger children (82.5%, 481/583) than in older ones (54.5%, 381/699; p < 0.001). Most cases of PTB (87.5%, 754/862) were smear negative, including virtually all (99.6%, 479/481) younger children and most older ones (72.2%, n = 275/381; p < 0.001). The most common types of extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) were TB adenitis (54.5%, 229/420) and bone TB (20%, 84/420). Children under five showed a lower prevalence of adenitis TB (9.9% [58/583] versus 24.5% [171/699], p < 0.001), bone TB (2.9% [17/583] versus 9.6% [69/699], p < 0.001), and abdominal TB (0.9% [5/583] versus 6.3% [44/699], p < 0.001). Most diagnoses were new cases of TB (98.2%, 1259/1282). Overall, 63.5% (n = 814) of the children successfully completed treatment (< 5 years: 56.6%, 330/583; 5-14 years: 69.2%, 489/699; p < 0.001). In total, 16.3% (n = 209) transferred to another center (< 5 years: 19.4%, 113/583; 5-14 years: 13.7%, 96/699; p = 0.006). Thirteen percent of patients (n = 167) were lost to follow-up (< 5 years: 16.0%, 93/583; 5-14 years: 10.4%, 74/699; p = 0.004). Fifty-two (4.1%) children died (no age differences). Being aged 5-14 years was independently associated with successful treatment outcomes (adjusted odds ratio 1.59; 95% confidence interval: 1.16, 1.94, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: We observed a very low diagnostic yield for spontaneous sputum smear in children with TB. In this rural setting in Ethiopia, very young children tend to present with new cases of smear-negative PTB. They have less EPTB than older children but more TB meningitis and show lower rates of treatment success.

Obstetrical and perinatal outcome in pregnant women with extrapulmonary tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major health problem and a leading cause of illness and death from infectious disease. Tuberculosis in pregnancy has been associated with increased risks of prematurity and small for gestational age (SGA)infants.The present study is aimed to examine obstetrical and perinatal outcomes among women who had extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It was retrospective study involving patient who presented with extra pulmonary tuberculosis over a period of ten years (2008-2017)was reviewed. Diagnosed women were compared with controls in the ratio of six controls for each case. Data included age, parity and complications in the antenatal, intrapartum and postpartum periods. The mean birth weights of infant and the frequency of small for gestation age, neonatal depression and still births were used for perinatal outcome. RESULTS: During the period of study 30 pregnant women were booked for extra -pulmonary TB. 22/30(73.3%) were diagnosed having extra pulmonary -TB prior to pregnancy and were taking ATT (anti-tubercular therapy) during the pregnancy, in 8/30(26.6%) it was diagnosed during pregnancy. Age, parity were similar in two groups. There was significantly increased incidence of oligoamnios and preterm rupture of membrane (P = 0.001). Mean gestation age of delivery in TB cases was 36.15 ± 1.8 weeks as compared to37.5 ± 0.5 weeks in low risk patients (P = 0.001). The mean birth weight of the infants of mother with extra pulmonary TB was 2324.26 ± 379.5 grams and 2712.3 ± 635.7 for control group(P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study emphasize on the need for early diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis preferably before pregnancy, regular medical follow up and good perinatal care.

Bacteriologically confirmed extra pulmonary tuberculosis and treatment outcome of patients consulted and treated under program conditions in the littoral region of Cameroon.

BACKGROUND: Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is defined as any bacteriologically confirmed or clinically diagnosed case of TB involving organs other than the lungs. It is frequently a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge with paucity of data available. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed EPTB; to determine the most affected organs and to evaluate the therapeutic outcome of EPTB patients treated under program conditions in the littoral region of Cameroon. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional laboratory-based epidemiological survey was conducted from January 2016 to December 2017 and 109 specimens from 15 of the 39 diagnosis and treatment centers in the littoral region were obtained. Two diagnostic methods (Gene Xpert MTB and culture (LJ and MGIT) were used for EPTB diagnosis. Determine HIV1/2 and SD Biolinewere used for HIV diagnosis. Confirmed EPTB cases were treated following the national tuberculosis guide. RESULTS: The prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed EPTB was 41.3% (45). All 45 cases were sensitive to rifampicin. Males were predominately more infected [26 (57.8%)] likewise the age group 31-45 years with 15 (33.3%) cases. The overall prevalence for HIV was 33.6% (36). HIV infection was present in 28.9% (13) of patients with EPTB. The most affected sites with EPTB were: Lymph nodes (66.5%), pleural cavity (15.6%), abdominal organs (11.1%), neuromeningeal (2.2%), joints (2.2%) and heart (2.2%). Overall, 84.4% of the study participants had a therapeutic success with males responding better 57.9% (p = 0.442). Therapeutic success was better (71.7%) in HIV negative EPTB patients (p = 0.787). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed EPTB patients treated under program conditions in the littoral region of Cameroon is high with a therapeutic success of 84.4% and the lymph nodes is the most affected site.

Characteristics and management of bone and joint tuberculosis in native and migrant population in Shanghai during 2011 to 2015.

BACKGROUND: China had the third highest burden of tuberculosis population in the world. Bone and joint tuberculosis was a major part and its characteristics were rarely discussed before. This study was designed to review the characteristics and management of bone and joint tuberculosis among native and migrant population in Shanghai, China during 2011-2015. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the patient clinical records on their demographic information, clinical features and treatment was conducted from three tertiary referral hospitals. Analysis of continuous variables included calculation of the median value with interquartile range. Categorical variables were displayed as percentages and compared using the Fisher's exact test and chi-square test. All continuous variables were compared using Student's unpaired t-test and Mann Whitney U test. RESULTS: One hundred fifteen patients with bone and joint tuberculosis were involved in this study. Native people were generally older (p = 0.003) and had more comorbidities like hypertension (40.74% vs. 16.39%, p = 0.004), diabetes mellitus (38.89% vs. 13.11%, p = 0.001), and cancer (31.48% vs. 14.75%, p = 0.032) than migrants. Migrant patients generally experienced a longer period of uncomfortable feelings before going to doctor than native people (p = 0.007). Spine was a major infection site in comparison with other peripheral joints. Radiological evaluation displayed increased osteolytic reaction in migrant patients compared with native people (p = 0.031). The mean time for anti-tuberculosis treatment was significantly longer in native Shanghai patients (8.96 months vs. 7.94 months, p = 0.003). The curative ratio displayed a significant difference between native and migrant patients (88.24%vs.75.93%, p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Bone and joint tuberculosis exhibited a poorer outcome in migrant people, who also had longer period of manifestation, more severe osteolytic reaction from CT scan and higher recurrent rate than native people. The surgical treatment in addition to anti-tuberculosis drug therapy had great implications for bone and joint tuberculosis recovery.

Bone and joint mycobacterial infection: a retrospective review of cases presenting to a UK district hospital.

PURPOSE: Peterborough has one of the highest rates of tuberculosis (TB) in the east of England. We reviewed the epidemiology, management and outcome of all cases of bone and joint TB (BJTB) diagnosed since 2000. METHODOLOGY: Retrospective review of all adult cases of BJTB between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2015. Patients' notes were reviewed with regard to their presentation, investigation, management and outcomes. RESULTS: In total, 21 patients diagnosed with BJTB were reviewed. Thoracic and lumbar spine were the most common sites affected (62 %). The most common clinical manifestations included localized pain (76 %), fever (53 %) and weight loss (48 %). Fourteen (67 %) patients had a bone biopsy or aspirate sent for microbiological investigation; none were smear-positive, but 11 were culture-positive. Eleven patients (77 %) were fully susceptible to anti-tuberculous drugs, one was isoniazid-resistant and one was pyrazinamide-resistant. Anti-tuberculous therapy was given for 6-16 months. Nineteen (90 %) patients completed therapy. CONCLUSIONS: BJTB requires a high index of clinical suspicion. BJTB should be considered in any patient with unexplained pain, fever and weight loss. The diagnosis is proven by aspiration and biopsy and should be undertaken as soon as possible for culture purposes, as microscopy alone can be negative.

Evaluation of 257 extra pulmonary tuberculosis cases at the Tuberculosis Control Dispensary, Van, Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there were any changes in demographic and clinical features of extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted at Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey, and comprised records of extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients treated between January 2009 and July 2014 at the tuberculosis control dispensary. Descriptive and clinical data, including age, gender, site of involvement, diagnostic method and coexisting systemic diseases, were noted. Any changes in terms of these parameters were investigated on a year-on-year basis. SPSS 20 was used for data analysis. RESULTS: There were 257 cases detected. Of them, 50(19.45%) related to 2009, 61(23.75%) to 2010, 24(9.33%) to 2011, 50(19.45%) to 2012, 47(18.28%) to 2013 and 25(9.72%) to 2014. Although lymph nodes were by far most frequently affected in 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2013; pleura was most commonly involved in 2012 and 2014. Age and gender distribution displayed no changes between 2009 and 2014 (p>0.05). However, diagnostic method of choice and frequency of co-existent systemic disorders displayed remarkable alterations in this period (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Improved insight of clinicians for atypical demographic and clinical features at presentation may provide reduction of rates of morbidity and mortality due to extrapulmonary tuberculosis.

Efficacy of alternate day Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) in skeletal tuberculosis - A retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of alternate day (thrice a week) Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) regimen spanning six to nine months in providing sustained cure for skeletal tuberculosis (TB) under programmatic conditions. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: An urban district tuberculosis centre in India under the Revised National Tuberculosis Programme. PARTICIPANTS: A cohort of 218 patients treated with alternate day DOTS regimen for skeletal TB between 2007 and 2012. METHODS: All patients with the diagnosis of skeletal TB registered between 2007 and 2012 who successfully completed treatment were followed up for evidence of disease recurrence or relapse using structured interviews conducted between August 2013 and October 2015 after ensuring a minimum follow up of two years. RESULTS: Of the 200 patients eligible for follow up in this study, 117 (58.5%) had a minimum follow up of two years. The remaining 83 cases could not be traced. 105 (89.7%) of these 117 patients were symptom free for two years or more after the completion of treatment. There were four cases who had a relapse of the disease within two years of completion of treatment. Eight cases were administered further ATT soon after the completion of treatment under DOTS. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the efficacy of the alternate day DOTS regimen in successfully treating all forms of skeletal TB, including spinal TB, with a success rate of 89.7%.

Delays in the diagnosis and treatment of bone and joint tuberculosis in the United Kingdom.

AIMS: Tuberculosis (TB) infection of bones and joints accounts for 6.7% of TB cases in England, and is associated with significant morbidity and disability. Public Health England reports that patients with TB experience delays in diagnosis and treatment. Our aims were to determine the demographics, presentation and investigation of patients with a TB infection of bones and joints, to help doctors assessing potential cases and to identify avoidable delays. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study of all adults with positive TB cultures on specimens taken at a tertiary orthopaedic centre between June 2012 and May 2014. A laboratory information system search identified the patients. The demographics, clinical presentation, radiology, histopathology and key clinical dates were obtained from medical records. RESULTS: A total of 31 adult patients were identified. Their median age was 37 years (interquartile range (IQR): 29 to 53); 21 (68%) were male; 89% were migrants. The main sites affected were joints (10, 32%), the spine (8, 26%) and long bones (6, 19%); 8 (26%) had multifocal disease. The most common presenting symptoms were pain (29/31, 94%) and swelling (26/28, 93%). 'Typical' symptoms of TB, such as fever, sweats and weight loss, were uncommon. Patients waited a median of seven months (IQR 3 to 13.5) between the onset of symptoms and referral to the tertiary centre and 2.3 months (IQR 1.6 to 3.4.)) between referral and starting treatment. Radiology suggested TB in 26 (84%), but in seven patients (23%) the initial biopsy specimens were not sent for mycobacterial culture, necessitating a second biopsy. Rapid Polymerase Chain Reaction-based testing for TB using Xpert MTB/RIF was performed in five patients; 4 (80%) tested positive for TB. These patients had a reduced time between the diagnostic biopsy and starting treatment than those whose samples were not tested (median eight days versus 36 days, p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: Patients with bone and joint TB experience delays in diagnosis and treatment, some of which are avoidable. Maintaining a high index of clinical suspicion and sending specimens for mycobacterial culture are crucial to avoid missing cases. Rapid diagnostic tests reduce delays and should be performed on patients with radiological features of TB. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:119-24.